Interferon, IL-1, and tumour necrosis factor enhance ferritin synthesis resulting in a shift of cellular iron into a storage compartment and downregulate transferrin receptor production decreasing cellular iron uptake and, thereby, iron availability for intracellular pathogens ( 5). Furthermore, the antibacterial effect of cytokines is mediated by intracellular iron depletion. Iron availability correlates with bacterial growth and virulence, facilitates viral replication and reverses the bactericidal effect of lactoferrin and lysozyme ( 3,4). There is, therefore, an argument for curtailing iron supplementation at lower plasma ferritin concentration.Ī further concern over parenteral iron administration is that it may impair immune function and stimulate bacterial growth thus increasing the risk of infection by iron-requiring pathogens ( 2). Although Ben-Hariz et al suggested halving iron intake at ferritin concentrations of 500 ng/ml and stopping completely at 1000 ng/ml, these concentrations probably leave only a small margin of safety. Thus, iron status of children receiving long-term PN should be monitored by regular measurement of serum ferritin, and supplementation decreased if ferritin concentration is raised. The degree of iron deposition in either hepatocytes or Kupffer cells was most pronounced in children with the higher ferritin concentrations (( 1) (LOE 2+)). Ferritin concentrations were >800 ng/ml in eight children (>1100 ng/ml in five) and correlated with duration of PN. In a study of 30 children aged 1-18 years receiving ferrous sulphate 100 μg/kg per day for an average period of 43 months, 12 children showed evidence of plasma and hepatic iron overload. An accumulation of excess iron has been reported in children receiving prolonged parenteral nutrition. Parenteral administration of iron bypasses the homeostatic control of gastrointestinal iron absorption, causing loss of protection from iron overload if excessive quantities are provided. One major concern is that of iron overload. Currently there are no well-defined recommendations regarding the optimum content of iron in parenteral feeds, and intravenous administration of iron remains problematic. Iron is not routinely provided in parenteral nutrition mixtures and is often not a component of commercially available trace element preparations. Key Words: calcium, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, magnesium, molybdenum, newborn, parenteral nutrition, phosphorus, selenium, trace elements, zinc. Type of publications: randomised controlled studies case-control or cohort studies case reports case series expert opinion. Timeframe: 1990-2004, in addition relevant earlier publications were considered.
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Furthermore, some preliminary numerical tests are presented and discussed, also in comparison with those obtained by means of commercial software. In the paper, a discussion about open source programs for antenna design is carried out. Second, by using open source packages it is sometimes not easy to obtain results with a high level of confidence, and to integrate open source modules in the production workflow. First, the knowledge of the open source programs is often limited. Despite the well-known advantages offered by open source software, there are several critical points that restrict its practical application. One of the possible applications, which usually requires a large set of numerical tests, is related to antenna design. In both industrial and scientific frameworks, free and open source software codes create novel and interesting opportunities in computational electromagnetics. Fight in a 3D sci-fi galactic space and shoot your enemies. You can still command your fleet and use strategy in this Galaxy space rts sci-fi game.ĭiscover many planets in different galaxies and play in different game modes. Use a commander to pilot your spaceship and increase your chances of victory. With dozens of spaceships and hundreds of gadgets, you can build your own fleet to conquer the galaxy and win the war. Use it as a strategy to win your battle in the galaxy. You can drag, rotate and zoom in/out to fully control the battle. Steer your spaceship and fire your missiles or control your fleet to avoid incoming missiles. Welcome to Galaxy Reavers 2, a sci-fi mobile game with spaceship battle in space, conquer the galaxy with them. The Book Concerning the Use of Correct Words (Kitab Al-Alfaz min Al-Adab wa Ghairiha)ģ0. The Book on Salutations and Greetings (Kitab As-Salam)Ģ7. The Book on General Behaviour (Kitab Al-Adab)Ģ6. The Book Pertaining to Clothes and Decoration (Kitab Al-Libas wal-Zinah)Ģ5. The Book of Sacrifices (Kitab Al-Adahi)Ģ3. The Book of Games and the Animals which May be Slaughtered and the Aninals that Are to be Eaten (Kitab-us-Said wal-Dhabaih wa ma Yukalu min Al-Hayawan)Ģ2. The Book on Government (Kitab Al-Imara)Ģ1. The Book of Jihad and Expedition (Kitab Al-Jihad wal-Siyar)Ģ0. The Book Pertaining to Judicial Decisions (Kitab Al-Aqdiyya)ġ9. The Book Pertaining to Punishments Prescribed by Islam (Kitab Al-Hudud)ġ8. The Book Pertaining to the Oath, for Establishing the Responsibility of Murders, Fighting, Requital and Blood-Wit (Kitab Al-Kitab Al-Qasama wal-Muharaba wal-Qisas wal-Diyat)ġ7. The Book of Bequests (Kitab Al-Wasiyya)ġ6. The Book Pertaining to the Rules of Inheritance (Kitab Al-Farai`d)ġ3. The Book of Transactions (Kitab Al-Buyu`)ġ1. The Book of Pilgrimage (Kitab Al-Hajj)ġ0. The Book of Menstruation (Kitab Al-Haid)ħ. The Book of Purification (Kitab Al-Taharah)ģ. Accepting Information Given by a Truthful Personĩ3. Saying Something under Compulsion (Ikraah)ĩ1. Punishment of Disbelievers at War with Allah and His ApostleĨ5. Limits and Punishments set by Allah (Hudood)Ĩ2. Sacrifice on Occasion of Birth (`Aqiqa)Ĩ1. Prophetic Commentary on the Quran (Tafseer of the Prophet (pbuh))Ħ6. Military Expeditions led by the Prophet (pbuh) (Al-Maghaazi)Ħ0. Merits of the Helpers in Madinah (Ansaar)ĥ9. Virtues and Merits of the Prophet (pbuh) and his Companionsĥ8. One-fifth of Booty to the Cause of Allah (Khumus)ĥ6. Fighting for the Cause of Allah (Jihaad)ĥ3. Lost Things Picked up by Someone (Luqaata)ĥ2. Loans, Payment of Loans, Freezing of Property, BankruptcyĤ2. Representation, Authorization, Business by ProxyĤ1. Transferance of a Debt from One Person to Another (Al-Hawaala)ģ8. Sales in which a Price is paid for Goods to be Delivered Later (As-Salam)ģ7. Retiring to a Mosque for Remembrance of Allah (Itikaf)ģ5. Praying at Night in Ramadaan (Taraweeh)ģ3. Penalty of Hunting while on Pilgrimmageģ2. Pilgrims Prevented from Completing the PilgrimmageĢ9. Obligatory Charity Tax After Ramadaan (Zakat ul Fitr)Ģ8. Virtues of the Prayer Hall (Sutra of the Musalla)Ģ5. Rubbing hands and feet with dust (Tayammum)ĩ. |
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